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发表于 2016-7-19 07:57:01
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A Moral Theory based on Evolution Theory
My moral theory is based on evolution theory. Human develop their instincts to survive and reproduce. In order to increase the chance of survival and reproduction, people gather together create communities. Communities get together to make bigger communities. To maintain and manage communities, laws, especially respecting each other, are required. Communities will always sacrifice individual’s interest if it conflicts the interest of one’s community. Leaders are also necessary for communities, particularly big communities. Detailed reasons will be discussed in section I. Section II will provide examples of how the theory applies.
I. The Theory
History is a story that can explain why things are the way it is. Everything would be understandable if the background story is completed. We always look through the history to find the reason for traditions, like why people celebrate one specific day. We always look through one’s resume to find out what one is capable of. In the opposite way, we also can predict things if we know enough history of it. Thus, it is logic to look up a species’ behavior from the history of the specie, in the other name, the evolution history.
Although it is a theory which by definition cannot be proved, but it is still the most convincing theory of how creatures change and fit the world so the blood line continues. There are evidences such as fossil supporting it but even the chance is very small, it can still be just a coincident since we cannot know what really happened long before human history. However, there are creatures like birds and trees that are observed to have evolved slightly to suit the environment. Also, human did successfully did artificial select instead of nature select and got creatures like dogs, cats, golden fish, pigs. One day, maybe one day, if we managed to exist long enough, we will be able to document the whole process of a specie evolve into something completely different.
According to evolution theory, all species compete to survive. Individuals compete with their own kind so only winners can survive and reproduce so that their good DNA can carry good characters and the specie evolves. Evolution not only applies to physical changes, but mentally—psychological and social changes—as well. Psychological and social evolution actually process faster than physical evolution because good characters can also be taught. Therefore, there is also an instinct to educate others especially the young generation. Some species, such as human, created communities to increase the chance of survival as groups. However, the competition still exists within communities. To serve this purpose, individuals put their own and their posterity’s interest at the very first, than their community’s interest, and finally the whole specie’s. Several small communities, such as families, can stick together and create bigger communities, like countries. We can even conclude the specie as the biggest community. For instance, human beings will make their choice after considering the interest of themselves and their children if any, and then family, friends, community, human being. The more related to the first, the more interest they share, the more they care, as Macintyre refers to untutored human nature.
In order to surviving as a community, laws are required. Members of one community should respect each other. By respect, here it means to pursue one’s interest without sacrificing other individual’s interest. Even all individuals are still competitors, they have common enemies outside the community to face together so they have a greater chance to win. That means, the members in one community should respect each other to limit civil wars, as in right theory: acknowledge every agent has a right to life, health, liberty and possessions. Even as Kant said, treat others not as means but as ends. This process is a little like Hobbes’ theory—from being all alone in a dangerous to a society with a law (social contract), however, relationship based. The same rule applies to communities of one species.
A community’s interest is going to be meeting its members’ interest. When inner conflicts occur, the community’s interest will agree with the bigger population. Specie’s interest is for the specie to survive as long as possible. It is hard for specie to express itself, but it does not necessarily to do so most of the times for inner competition is a part of its strategy of survival so the specie can keep evolve and survive even the environment changes.
Under certain circumstances, one individual’s interest may conflict with the interest of the community. The community will always choose to sacrifice individual’s interest and serve most members. Thus, in a community, virtue would be sacrificing one’s own interest when against the interest of the community even their instinct is to put their own on the top of the list. Just like utilitarianism principle, greatest happiness for greatest number of people. Except that instead of counting pleasure which is not countable, it is just one against the other. It is a virtue that has to be taught to every individual to depress their instinct of putting their own interest first. Therefore, individuals in community will still have the instinct of put their own interest first but they will value sacrificing one’s interest if conflicts the interest of the community, and after years and years of mental evolution, members of community will think that it is just the right thing to do to put community first.
Species, as the biggest community but does not really express its interest. Instead of having a clear interest, it enjoys the inner competition. That means, whenever communities conflicts, the winning side would be called as justice by the whole species afterwards. The winning side would be the most population at the most time, like World War II. But for the goal of evolution, the bigger part may be abandon if they lost because the smaller part has proved they has a bigger chance to survive longer.
The problem when to sacrifice and who to sacrifice is always a concern. Actually, both community and specie tries their best to support the whole population’s interest if possible because the more individuals carry the DNA of one species the less likely it will become extinct. However, in some special cases that the whole population cannot be supported, the supplies will always be provided to those who won in the inner competition that has proved it is better for the species’ future to choose them. However, young generation will always be protected. They do not compete with adults, but the adults are willing to support them as the goal of the individual is to reproduce so the species can continue its existence. Young generation has inner competitions, too, but not as cruel as the adults’. They might still be limited for the reason of their guardians’ lacking of competitive strength that proved that their DNAs inherited from their guardians is not worth the limited supplies.
Leaders are necessary especially for big communities, such as a country, to make judgments and represent the community. They will be the ones who run executions according to the law. In order to do that, they will be given extra power than ordinary members of the community. However, as individuals, they will still seek their own interests before others as their instinct. When their interest and the community’s interest conflicts, they ought to perform as the virtue says and abandon their own ones. If not, they have gone against the community’s interest that means they will no longer be one of the groups to survive together but the group’s enemy. The community will turn against their original leader and have a new one. This is now known as the revolution. Big communities may always include several small communities and share one or a group of leaders when each of the small communities may or may not have their own leaders. In this case the same rule applies to small communities to the big community as individuals to the community. However, communities on the same level or does not have a belonging relationship should communicate through their leaders who represent their own interest. In this case, when conflict occurs, war may be unavoidable as a kind of inner competition inside of species.
The two basic principle of respecting other people and community’s interest first exists in all communities, bigger ones or smaller ones. Leaders exist in almost all small communities and all big communities. But other than these three, one community can have laws and values differ from others completely. These kinds of laws are created for greater chance of survival in the environment of the community, such as geography, climate, other species live around. Every individual will learn their common knowledge from their community including those laws and values which are necessary skills to survive in the environment. The environment may change and the individual may move from one community to another. The laws and values should be changed when they are no longer suitable for the environment. They also should be replaced when better ones were found. However, they are absolute before those conditions happen.
This moral theory has many factors that are similar to other moral theories but only the factors I have motioned. Other than those, it has several advantages compared to them. Just like most other moral theories, this theory has a scientific background and a logic process. But it is more logical than right theory by actually linked the nature of human being as mammals rather than property of god. It acknowledges people’s emotional existence rather than Kant expecting all human beings to be completely rational. Also, it provides a way to deal with conflicts when Kant seems to have no knowledge of them. It explains the relationship among individuals and its effect which Hobbes avoided to discuss. Unlike Utilitarianism, instead of measuring some immeasurable thing, it is simply a choice between individual and community and the answer is absolute—community. Not as free as Nietzsche, the rules and values that of communities do have a meaning for every member of them and should be followed if there is no reason to doubt. When agreeing with relativism about the different values of different communities and individuals, respect is required to limit war between individuals and between communities so that more human being can survive. The reason of following the rules is not just to achieve a telo as Macintyre assumed. This theory provides a scientific reason—species’ survival.
Most of the times it will be approached by reproduce as much as possible, but sometimes limiting population to ensure that there will be individual survive and the specie continues.
II. How It Works
Moral theories are created to solve real world problem. This section will give some examples of how this moral theory applies to them.
1. Murder
Murder a person from the same community as the murderer would be immoral under this moral theory. People have an instinct to put their own interest on top of all the others but as a community, respect others is required for every individual. Murdering is clearly not respecting other’s right of life. The leader of community should execute the murderer.
However, if not from the same community, the murdering may even be a hero story in the murderer’s community. It would be completely moral because they do not share any interest. But if this murder caused the other community, such as the victim’s community, to go against the murderer’s community, the leader should execute the murderer if that can avoid the war. When the war is unavoidable, the execution would not be necessary.
2. Raping & Cheating
Raping is another example of disrespect other individuals. It has the same conclusion in this moral theory as murder. Only raping might not be a good reason for be crowned as hero since it only serves for individual’s interest.
3. Genocide
Wars are sometimes unavoidable between communities. It is completely moral to start a war in order to protect the community’s interest. However, genocide would not be necessary for solving the conflict between two communities. On the contrary, it limits the possibility of human evolution by losing a big part of population and a different community with different rules and values might be useful for the whole species to evolve. The species’ interest should be put in front of a community’s even it is against the human instinct, just like individual’s interest will always be abandoned if against the community’s interest. Thus, genocide is immoral.
4. Abortion
Weather abortion is moral or not is depends on the community. It is one of those rules might differ from community to community. Although reproduction is the nature goal of individuals’ lives, there are still reasons for the future child’s interest to have abortion, such as poverty, birth defects. Those would be moral reasons for individuals. For a community, it is simply depends on the population status. For communities in need of more labors, such as aged society, abortion would be immoral because it is against the community’s interest. Abortion would be moral if the communities have problems like overloaded population that needs to limit new born. For those communities has no population problem, abortion will be defined as moral or immoral according to the principle for individuals. But considering the problem to be completely personal that only involves one individual and a barely individual; communities have no position to interfere the decision even it is not moral.
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